Investigation of the Stem Cells Potential in the Regeneration of Damaged Eye Structures. Review

The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of stem cells in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, with an emphasis on corneal regeneration and treatment of retinal degenerative conditions. For this purpose, a comprehensive review of publications from a number of databases, such as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science, was conducted. Materials and methods . The main focus was on a critical analysis of scientific papers related to the use of stem cells in ophthalmology. Inclusion criteria were formulated that covered various types of scientific publications, including clinical trials and meta-analyses. Results . The analysis showed that stem cells, especially limbal stem cells, have a high regenerative potential in restoring the corneal epithelium. Mesenchymal stem cells also demonstrate the possibility of transformation into epithelial cells, although the mechanism remains unclear. The study showed that LMSC and other types of stem cells increase corneal transparency and improve patients’ eyesight. Conclusions . Despite the encouraging results, questions remain about the ethical and technological aspects of stem cell use, especially in the context of allogeneic transplants. The results of the study highlight the need for further research to improve stem cell transplantation and differentiation methods. This may lead to the development of safer and more effective therapies for patients with ophthalmological pathologies.