Evaluating pulsatile flushing by pushing method and catheter size for educating nurses on peripheral vascular patency: a computational fluid dynamics simulation analysis

To ensure effective and safe pulsatile flushing in nursing practice, infusion volume and rate should be adjusted according to catheter size. The findings contribute foundational data to guide standardized, evidence-based flushing practices in nursing and has policy implications for revising clinical guidelines and enhancing nurse training programs to ensure safer and more effective intravenous catheter management.