Mathematical model for splice loss estimation in few-mode fibers based on mode field diameter

We present an extended mathematical model for estimating splice losses in few-mode fibers (FMFs). The proposed model accounts for mode field diameter (MFD) mismatch between spliced fibers and reveals a quantitative relationship between MFD and splice loss for each mode. Numerical simulations validate our mathematical analysis, demonstrating that the model can accurately estimate splice losses for each mode using MFDs. This capability makes it a valuable tool for telecom operators in designing FMF transmission distances and optimizing the number of splices.