Adaptation of Small-Scale Farmers to Climate Change- through Improved Food Production and Security, Rwimi Sub-County, Bunyangabu District, Uganda

This study examined the adaptation strategies employed by small-scale farmers in Rwimi Sub-County, Bunyangabu District, Uganda, in response to climate change, and assessed the impact of these strategies on food production and food security. The region has experienced significant climate variability, resulting in a 30% reduction in agricultural productivity over the past ten years, which has severely impacted the livelihoods of those who rely on rain-fed agriculture (Kabarole Research & Resource Centre et al., 2011). The study was prompted by the growing vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate-related stressors and the scarcity of empirical data on effective adaptation practices within the study area. The study aimed to: (i) evaluate the effects of climate change adaptation on food production and food security; (ii) identify the agricultural adaptation strategies employed by farmers; and (iii) examine the barriers to adopting these strategies. The research is grounded in Action Theory and Socio-Ecological Resilience Theory, which provide a theoretical lens for understanding how individual actions and systemic responses influence adaptation outcomes. The conceptual framework links climate change adaptation strategies with food security, moderated by access to resources, institutional support, and socio-economic conditions. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from 358 respondents, including farmers, agricultural officers, and local leaders, selected through stratified, purposive, and random sampling. Quantitative data were gathered using structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and inferential analyses (including regression with R² = 0.72, p < 0.05). Qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions were analysed thematically to enrich the statistical findings. Results indicate that climate adaptation strategies such as agroforestry, crop diversification, the use of drought-resistant crops, and conservation agriculture have a positive impact on food production and food security. The study contributes to knowledge by filling existing gaps on the localised impacts of adaptation strategies and barriers among smallholder farmers. It recommends targeted interventions, including affordable credit, improved extension services, secure land tenure policies, and access to localised climate information. These findings are relevant for policy-makers, development agencies, and researchers aiming to promote resilient agricultural systems in climate-vulnerable regions.