Nanoparticles Formulation of Begonia medicinalis Extract Using PLGA-Alginate-PVA Polymers for Immunomodulation and SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibition

The study explores the formulation of nanoparticles containing Begonia medicinalis extract using a blend of PLGA (Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid), sodium alginate, and polyvinyl alcohol. This formulation aimed to investigate its physicochemical properties and potential immunomodulatory and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Immunomodulation was evaluated through phagocytosis activity measurement, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels, while anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was assessed through in vitro testing on the SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme. Nanoparticles were prepared via the solvent evaporation method with various PLGA:alginate:PVA ratios (1:3:3, 1:3:6, 1:6:3, and 1:6:6). Characterization included organoleptic examination, particle size measurement (179.3-250.7 nm), thermal degradation at 190°C, and analysis of phytochemical content (phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin total) ranging from 18.66-21.028 mg GAE/g, 1.862-2.492 mg QE/g, and 191.975-307.897 mg EE/g, respectively. The formulations exhibited notable immune-stimulating effects by increasing phagocytotic percentage and TNF-α/IFN-γ levels and demonstrated inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 3Cl protease enzyme. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) for phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin fell within the ranges of 17-19%, 16-22%, and 60-96%, respectively. Among the formulations, nanoparticle 3 (1:6:3) emerged as the optimal choice due to its superior physicochemical attributes. This particular nanoparticle exhibited immune-stimulating properties and inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 virus, suggesting its potential application in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. In conclusion, nanoparticle formulation 3 (1:6:3) displayed promising characteristics, showcasing immunomodulatory effects and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. This research paves the way for potential therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2 using nanoparticle-based B. medicinalis extract formulations.