HOUSEHOLD GERMAN BORROWINGS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

A significant part of foreign words in the Ukrainian language, particularly those related to the household field, consists of German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of assimilation of borrowed vocabulary by the recipient language, two main groups of words are traditionally distinguished – assimilated and non-assimilated. One of the primary categories of foreign words classified by the degree of assimilation is direct borrowings, i.e., assimilated words, the classification of which raises no disagreement among scholars. The only issue in this regard is in differentiating between borrowings and internationalisms. Internationalisms are primarily found in terminological vocabulary. The following types of terms are considered international ones: a) socio-political vocabulary: конгрес, конституція, міністр, партія, політика, революція, республіка, резолюція, сенат, etc.; b) scientific terminology: біологія, географія, геодезія, геологія, зоологія, історія, математика, фізика, etc.; c) technical terms: агрегат, антена, апарат, комбайн, танк, трактор; d) art-related vocabulary: балет, драма, жанр, новела, опера, поезія, тенор, etc. Both formal features (assimilation of words into the borrowing language) and functional features (usage of words in the borrowing language) should be considered when classifying borrowed vocabulary. Depending on the degree of adaptation of lexical units within the recipient Ukrainian language system, borrowed German vocabulary can be fully or partially assimilated. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) Germanlanguage vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language insertions with preceding and following Ukrainian equivalents. The study is based on factual data obtained by various linguists and the author’s own observations.