Evaluation of biodiversity and conservation status of endemic and rare plant species of an endemism hotspot in Iran

Context This study focuses on the Lalehzar and Hezar Mountains within the Yazd-Kerman Endemism Hotspot in Iran, part of the Irano-Turanian region, which includes five of the world’s 34 endemism hotspots. Aims The study aims to assess the conservation status and categorize endemic and rare plants in the area by using modified IUCN 2019 criteria. Methods Over 3 years (2017–2019), we conducted an extensive study of the floristic composition and plant diversity. We developed a localized ranking system (L-Rank) based on IUCN Criterion B (area of occupancy, AOO) for small-scale habitats (<2000 km2). By using 1 × 1 km grid cells and field surveys, we mapped species distributions. GIS analysis and statistical validation were employed to quantify AOO, including subcriteria such as the number of locations and extent of decline, and the L-Rank system classified species by their distribution range. The criteria were aligned with the corresponding IUCN 2019 categories. Key results In total, 306 plant species were identified, covering 195 genera and 49 families. Of these, 64 species were classified as threatened, including 15 Critically Endangered (CR), 16 Endangered (EN), and 33 Vulnerable (VU). Conclusions Findings highlighted the urgent conservation needs of species with restricted ranges (e.g. L1-ranked taxa) facing elevated extinction risks because of habitat fragmentation and climate change. Implications This approach connects global (IUCN) and local conservation frameworks, providing actionable insights for botanists, land managers, and policymakers to prioritize protection efforts in vulnerable ecosystems.