Deterrence and reassurance: Norway’s dual policy toward Russia

The article examines the evolution of the «deterrence and reassurance» strategy in Norway’s security policy toward the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the theoretical contribution of Johan Jørgen Holst, who first conceptualized this dual-track approach as a means of minimizing the risks of confrontation with the eastern neighbour. The key elements of the strategy are explored, including the ban on foreign military bases and nuclear weapons, restrictions on NATO activity in border areas, and politico-diplomatic efforts to maintain strategic predictability. Particular focus is placed on the transformation of deterrence and reassurance after 2014, and especially after 2022, against the backdrop of sharply deteriorating relations between Russia and the West. The article highlights the internal contradictions between the strengthening of military cooperation with allies and Norway’s ongoing efforts to avoid escalation. It concludes that Norway continues to pursue strategic balance as an optimal policy model for a small state amid growing geopolitical tensions in Europe and the Arctic.