Countering cyber attacks in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Interdisciplinary issues and legal frameworks in the context of social security and economic stability

and system configuration errors. Significant gaps in Kazakhstan’s cyber defence system are identified: lack of effective interagency coordination mechanisms, insufficient regulation of public-private partnerships, and inefficiency of the existing legal framework for regulating the liability of critical infrastructure operators. The author substantiated the need to create a single cyber defence coordination centre that will combine the efforts of the state monitoring system KZ-CERT and the industry system FinCERT and proposes economic mechanisms to stimulate investment in cyber security through a system of tax incentives and grant programmes. The peculiarities of the cybercrime investigation process were analysed, including the procedures for video recording of equipment seizure and the specifics of procedural registration of evidence. According to the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 2023, 476 criminal cases of cybercrime were brought to court, of which 312 resulted in guilty verdicts. The research findings formed a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the legal, technical, and socio-economic aspects of cybersecurity and proved the need for systematic interaction between all stakeholders in countering cyber threats