Review of Criminal Responsibility According to the Development Stage of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships - Focusing on the criticism on current issues -

International discussions on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) began in earnest at the 98th International Maritime Organization (IMO) Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) when they defined Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) as MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship). Which utilize cutting-edge digital technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged in shipbuilding, maritime, and port-related businesses similar to autonomous vehicles and drones on land, the concept of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships,<br/> Anticipating the emergence of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships navigating the oceans in the future, the IMO designated autonomous ships as MASS and began discussions on legal regulations for their operational safety in 2018. Currently, discussions are in full swing on revising the IMO’s conventions related to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.<br/> Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships have reached a point where they are controlled and piloted remotely without crew members on ship. Legal liability for accidents during ship operation was limited to the ship owner, captain, or crew before the commercialization of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.<br/> The problem lies in the fact that ultimately command and control ship operations depending on the level of autonomy, remote operators, rather than the captain or crew. This means that the scope of criminal liability also varies depending on the level of autonomy. Ultimately, clear standards for those involved in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships must be established through international discussion.