State of career development and vocational education for women in low-skilled jobs in waste management sector – literature review

Aim: This study aims to explore the economic theories and current situation regarding vocational education for women in low-skilled jobs in waste management, focusing on the challenges women face in this male-dominated sector. It seeks to address the gender inequalities and barriers that prevent women from advancing in their careers, particularly the impact of stereotypes, biases, and immaturity of qualification standards. Methods: The primary research method employed was a literature review, conducted through an analysis of the content of six academic databases, which were searched using relevant keywords. This process resulted in the identification of 48 articles, 30 of which were available in full. These articles were then thoroughly analyzed and categorized into three main themes: 1) applied theories and concepts, 2) stereotypes, career paths, and vocational education, and 3) literature relating to the selected region (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Results: The findings highlight significant challenges and gender inequalities faced by women in waste management and adjacent sectors. It was found that the lack of gender-inclusive qualification standards and systemic biases lock women under a “glass ceiling,” limiting their career advancement. The review also revealed a gap in research on the specific skills and knowledge women need to succeed in these fields, especially in regions like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where waste management systems are still developing. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of developing training programs that address gender-specific needs and tackle the gender gaps in qualification standards. They also emphasize the necessity of implementing systemic changes to improve working conditions and expand leadership opportunities for women in the waste management sector. The study concludes that further research is required to gain a deeper understanding of the gender inclusivity of national qualification standards, particularly in industries such as waste management.