Social, Economic and Political Transformations in Africa: From Colonization to Neocolonialism

One of the most decisive events in African history is undoubtedly colonization. This was mainly driven by internal dynamics within Europe, notably the rise of nationalism after the unification of Italy and Germany. In this context, the major European powers sought to assert their influence on the international scene. The creation of vast colonial empires, both territorial and human, increased their prestige. Colonization was also driven by economic logic. Faced with overproduction, industrial Europe sought new markets for goods, as well as areas for capital investment and labor exports. The Berlin Conference, held from November 1884 to February 1885, established free trade in Africa, thus formalizing this expansionist framework. Upon arrival on the continent, colonists built the infrastructure necessary for exploiting resources, notably roads, canals, and railways. However, the independence of most African countries in the 1960s did not bring the expected economic and social changes. This study analyzes the relationship between colonial powers and Africa, from colonization to the modern era. It also examines neocolonialism, new forms of domination, and debates on a possible "re-division" of Africa within the current geopolitical context.