Increasing the efficiency of fertilizers in adaptive landscape farming systems

In long-term experiments on gray forest soils of the Vladimir Opole region, based on studies in the Non-Chernozem zone (NZ) of the Russian Federation, shown in literary sources, the reasons for the lower payback of fertilizers in this zone compared with Western European countries have been analyzed. The close relationship between the yields of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories with the level of application of mineral fertilizers in kg/ha for 2018 in the regions of the North (R2 = 0.788, n = 26) confirmed their decisive role in increasing the yield of these crops. It has been established that the doses of fertilizers applied on gray forest soils of the Opole region in 1975–1990. (using the example of the Suzdal region) 197–212 kg of active substance (a.s.)/ha were 1.6-1.8 times more than the later scientifically proven ones. The average payback of the optimal dose of NPK, depending on the crops, ranged from 5.3 to 16.8 kg of grain/kg daily a.s., with a double dose it decreased to 3.4–10.0, the minimum payback of the optimal dose of NPK decreased to 3.0–11.3 kg of grain/kg daily a.s. Significant payback changes are due to uneven precipitation during the growing season of crops. In Western European countries with a predominance of marine and temperate continental climates with a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation during the growing season, fertilizer payback was 2 times higher than in the North of the Russian Federation. In organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the payback of mineral fertilizers on the gray forest soils of the Opole increased by 1.10–1.27 times, and a positive or slightly deficient balance of basic nutrients was provided. Liming of acidic soils makes it possible to increase the payback of mineral fertilizers by 1.8–2.4 times. Currently, research has intensified to increase the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers due to their prolonged action and accumulation of biological nitrogen in soils. reducing its losses with downward infiltration and in the form of gaseous compounds.