Maternal Risk Factors for Preterm Low Birth Weight Babies: A Prospective Study

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) are significant public health issues in developing countries, contributing to 60% of under-five mortality in Bangladesh. These conditions are influenced by various maternal factors. Objective: This study aimed to assess the maternal factors associated with delivering preterm low birth weight (PLBW) babies in Bangladesh, focusing on demographic, behavioral, medical, and obstetric conditions. Methods: A case-control study was conducted from July to December 2015 at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura. Cases included preterm low birth weight neonates, while controls were term normal weight neonates from the same population. Data on maternal demographic, behavioral, and medical factors were collected. Statistical analyses included calculating mean weight gain during pregnancy, calorie and protein intake, and maternal disease prevalence. The p-value and standard deviation were computed to assess significance. Results: The study found that 73.6% of mothers of PLBW babies came from poor and lower-middle-class families. Mothers of PLBW babies gained less weight (6.3 kg) compared to normal birth weight mothers (7.5 kg) (p = 0.001). Additionally, PLBW mothers had significantly lower caloric intake and avoided fish and milk (p = 0.004). Statistical analysis revealed a standard deviation of ±2.4 kg for weight gain and a p-value of 0.003 for the relationship between food intake and PLBW. The study also highlighted a significant increase in PLBW risk in mothers with anaemia, malnutrition, high fever, and PROM. Conclusion: Multiple maternal factors, including poor nutrition, specific food avoidance, and medical conditions like anaemia and PROM, significantly contribute to the birth of PLBW babies.