Hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries: progress and prospects for application

A brief overview of the prospects for the use of non-graphitizable (hard) carbon as an active material for the negative electrode of sodium-ion batteries is presented. It summarizes the most important achievements in the processing organic precursor biomass area to obtain the hard carbon and provides an assessment of the parameters of electrochemical cells based on such materials. The latest progress in production of next-generation metal-ion batteries is discussed and the reasons for the need for such a transition are listed.