Determination of the spin and parity of all-charm tetraquarks

The traditional quark model<sup>1,2</sup> accounts for the existence of baryons, such as protons and neutrons, which consist of three quarks, as well as mesons, composed of a quark-antiquark pair. Only recently has substantial evidence started to accumulate for exotic states composed of four or five quarks and antiquarks<sup>3</sup>. The exact nature of their internal structure remains uncertain<sup>4-29</sup>. Here we report the first measurement of quantum numbers of the recently discovered family of three all-charm tetraquarks<sup>30-32</sup>, using data collected by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider from 2016 to 2018 (refs. <sup>33,34</sup>). The angular analysis techniques developed for the discovery and characterization of the Higgs boson<sup>35-37</sup> have been applied to the new exotic states. Here we show that the quantum numbers for parity P and charge conjugation C symmetries are found to be +1. The spin J of these exotic states is determined to be consistent with 2ħ, while 0ħ and 1ħ are excluded at 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The J<sup>PC</sup> = 2<sup>++</sup> assignment implies particular configurations of constituent spins and orbital angular momenta, which constrain the possible internal structure of these tetraquarks.

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Nature
Published
2025-12-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09711-7
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6
Primary Topic
Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
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article
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4.54

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article

Determination of the spin and parity of all-charm tetraquarks

T. Reis, A. Vilela Pereira, K. Rabbertz, P. G. Kosmoglou Kioseoglou et al.
6 citations
Nature
Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
4.54
article

Determination of the spin and parity of all-charm tetraquarks

T. Reis, A. Vilela Pereira, K. Rabbertz, P. G. Kosmoglou Kioseoglou, U. Goerlach, V. Brigljević, S. Bansal, M. M. A. Gadallah, J. Lidrych, A. Gurrola, B. Hacışahinoğlu, I. Lomidze, H. Oğul, A. Lapertosa, M. Horzela, P. Vanlaer, A. Tarabini, M. Presilla, N. Bin Norjoharuddeen, S. Sánchez Cruz, R. Klanner, R. Chawla, D. Contardo, A. Dierlamm, A. Escalante Del Valle, E. Butz, F. Ivone, S. My, L. Tani, Huaqiao Zhang, K. T. S. Kallonen, D. Vats, H. Sert, C. Madrid, Ali Khalilzadeh, W. Waltenberger, D. Budkouski, G. B. Cerati, Olesia Radchenko, A. Lintuluoto, M. Laí, D. Creanza, P. Everaerts, V. Sulimov, J. D. Ruiz Alvarez, K. Nikolopoulos, R. Clare, M. Alves Gallo Pereira, P. Lecoq, J. Berryhill, O. Pooth, L. Feld, Liam Wezenbeek, A. Attikis, G. Salvi, M. Sonawane, G. Boldrini, S. Diekmann, Jia-Ning Song, M. Bartolini, A. Scribano, U. Langenegger, Y. Maravin, Paul Malek, S. Turkcapar, Isaac Telford Ehle, J. León Holgado, K. Dreimanis, A. Lath, F. Yan, G. Pásżtor, T. Lange, A. Kaur, R. Walsh, Soumya Dansana, D. Vannerom, M. Antonello, J. Pearkes, C. Mora Herrera, W. G. D. Dharmaratna, J. Schwandt, M. Raidal, T. Šuša, Ka Wa Ho, M. Donegà, B. Raciti, G. Abbiendi, J. Hiltbrand, K. Skovpen, D. Spitzbart, E. Brücken, D. Kotliński, H. Saka, S. Falke, K. Lin, F. Ravera, H. Kaur, H. Chung, Nicholas John Hadley, S. Scarfí, U. Husemann, Bruno Afonso Fontana Santos Alves, F. Blekman, E. Shumka, S. Rudrabhatla, M. A. Wadud, Maryam Shooshtari, S. Wuchterl, J. Rotter, M. De Coen, F. Dolek, S. F. Novaes, F. Moortgat, A. Levin, P. Assiouras, M. Myllymäki, K. Późniak, S. Harper, L. Guzzi, K. El Morabit, E. Uslan, S. Verma, A. Bala, L. Finco, A. Ventura Barroso, R. I. Rabadán Trejo, Didar Dobur, G. Wilson, Muhammad Aamir Shahzad, M. Tornago, C. A. Bernardes, J. Damgov, N. Van Den Bossche, S. Van Putte, Mingshui Chen, C. Kapsiak, J. Mijuskovic, M. Shopova, Qiang Li, F. Ferri, M. Grippo, S. Mersi, R. Kansal, D. Selivanova, C. Lourenço, A. Pauls, Saeahram Yoo, J. N. Butler, E. Coelho, E. Vourliotis, S. Sekmen, A. Bragagnolo, A. Meyer, T. Lindén, Isabela Maietto Silvério, И. А. Андреев, A. Zimermmane Castro Santos, A. Gilbert, G. Köpp, M. Maity, J. K. Heikkilä, F. Riggi, S. Higginbotham, N. Zipper, E. Garutti, I. Ojalvo, K. Theofilatos, S. Zakharov, C. Joo, H. U. Flaecher, J. Kieseler, D. Valsecchi, G. Nigmatkulov, L. Longo, I. Paraskevas, F. Romeo, M. Sommerhalder, E. Vernazza, N. Srimanobhas, M. Hohlmann, Priya Sajid Hussain, Xining Wang, V. Lohezic, J. Langford, C. Delaere, A. Pellecchia, A. Cassese, A. De Wit, A. Nigamova, M. Hildreth, R. Yi, C. Amsler, A. Rinkevičius, F. Riti, Sandra S. Padula, A. De Moor, D. Acosta, Patrick Flanagan, A. Geiser, K. Salyer, W. H. Smith, W. Zabołotny, M. Kröhn, L. Lavezzo, Silvia Ronchi, F. Engelke, G. Quast, G. Zevi Della Porta, L. Marchese, X. Janssen, A. Hassani, N. Godinović, L. Benato, G. Cerminara, S. Rosenzweig, Hugues Evard, C. Kleinwort, Petar Danev, Y. Han, A. K. Sikdar, Simon Rothman, Y. Komurcu, Elise Chavez, J. Yoo, A. Singla, R. Tramontano, W. Redjeb, C. Schwanenberger, A. Dodonova, M. Huwiler, A. Petrov, P. Mal�, K. Whalen, V. Kim, V. Perovic, S. Yang, A. Rýd, M. Kasemann, A. Canepa, R. Yohay, S. Brommer, S. Dutta, I. Reed, S. E. Donnelly, G. Zilizi, M. Felcini, Trisha Debnath, Mark Matthewman, S. Murthy, M. Liu, C. Tarricone, A. Zarubin, M. Rieger, F. Labe, J. Strait, B. Greenberg, A. Novák, D. Wang, C. Quaranta, C. Hajdu, G. Chaudhary, B. Blancon, Serhii Cholak, U. Gasparini, Lea Stockmeier, L. Taylor, E. Nibigira, F. Couderc, L. Mundim, I. Yusuff, Fakhri Alam Khan, Lida Kalipoliti, W. K. Brooks, P. Salvini, Pavlo Kashko, Ahmet Oguz Guzel, A. Juodagalvis, P. Simkina, T. Hebbeker, E. Tziaferi, A. Lobanov, Anton S. Abel, A. Nunez Del Prado, P. Masterson, Sitian Qian, S. Nuzzo, L. Urda Gómez, Tahir Javaid, G. Krintiras, T. James, M. Komm, L. Litov, M. Oshiro, F. Ptochos, C. Amendola, A. Bocci, V. Shang, S. Keshri, C. Collard, G. Fedi, A. Schmidt, D. J. A. 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Reyes-Almanza, C. Oropeza Barrera, A. Muhammad, B. Kaynak, R. Ceccarelli, S. Sen, P. Sphicas, Stoyan Stoynev, S. Rappoccio, A. Zghiche, A. R. Kanuganti, G. Gómez, E. Migliore, S. Sagir, H. Kirschenmann, P. Petkov, S. Mrenna, G. Masetti, E. Meschi, E. Yigitbasi, K. Christoforou, J. Tao, S. Chatterjee, E. Palencia Cortezón, C. Beirão Da Cruz E Silva, M. Dubinin, S. Obraztsov, D. Kondratyev, A. Staiano, K. Doroba, D. Menasce, M. Savina, J. Hollar, P. Sheldon, A. Cardini, X. Zuo, A. Stepennov, Shamik Ghosh, Sushil Chauhan, P. Das, M. Reid, G. Da Molin, Martina Manoni, Jost Von Den Driesch, F. E. Neri Huerta, A. Williams, Samadhan Kamble, Vahid Sedighzadeh Dalavi, S. Bashiri, Yibo Zhong, X. Chen, А. Александров, Sw. Banerjee, S. Rahatlou, S. Banerjee, W. Jin, Jas Bierkens, Robert Plese, K. Androsov, Daniel Ocampo Henao, Paul Gaigne, Valentina Camagni, Haneol Lee, Chongyun Jiang, Emily Tsai, Ritik Saxena, Jingqing Zhang, D. Bisello, T. Mudholkar, G. S. F. Stephans
article en
6 citations

Abstract

The traditional quark model<sup>1,2</sup> accounts for the existence of baryons, such as protons and neutrons, which consist of three quarks, as well as mesons, composed of a quark-antiquark pair. Only recently has substantial evidence started to accumulate for exotic states composed of four or five quarks and antiquarks<sup>3</sup>. The exact nature of their internal structure remains uncertain<sup>4-29</sup>. Here we report the first measurement of quantum numbers of the recently discovered family of three all-charm tetraquarks<sup>30-32</sup>, using data collected by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider from 2016 to 2018 (refs. <sup>33,34</sup>). The angular analysis techniques developed for the discovery and characterization of the Higgs boson<sup>35-37</sup> have been applied to the new exotic states. Here we show that the quantum numbers for parity P and charge conjugation C symmetries are found to be +1. The spin J of these exotic states is determined to be consistent with 2ħ, while 0ħ and 1ħ are excluded at 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The J<sup>PC</sup> = 2<sup>++</sup> assignment implies particular configurations of constituent spins and orbital angular momenta, which constrain the possible internal structure of these tetraquarks.

NatureVol. 648(8092)
University College Dublin (IE), University of Siena (IT), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), Florida State University (US), University of California, Riverside (US), Eötvös Loránd University (HU), Florida Institute of Technology (US), University of Notre Dame (US), University of Pisa (IT), Warsaw University of Technology (PL), University of Delhi (IN), Chonnam National University (KR), Northwestern University (US), University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US), Purdue University Northwest (US), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (IN), California Institute of Technology (US), Texas Tech University (US), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT), University of Seoul (KR), University of Iowa (US), University of Science and Technology of China (CN), Jagiellonian University (PL), University of Ruhuna (LK), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB), Northeastern University (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), University of Minnesota (US), Universidad de Cantabria (ES), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US), Georgian Technical University (GE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE), A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory (AM), University of Debrecen (HU), Gangneung–Wonju National University (KR), University of Helsinki (FI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), University of Padua (IT), Seoul National University (KR), University of Trieste (IT), École Polytechnique (FR), Johns Hopkins University (US), University of Kansas (US), University of Antwerp (BE), Nanjing Normal University (CN), University of California, Santa Barbara (US), Scuola Normale Superiore (IT), Baylor University (US), Sun Yat-sen University (CN), Chulalongkorn University (TH), Universität Hamburg (DE), Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN), University of California, Los Angeles (US), Universidad de Los Andes (CO), National Institute of Science Education and Research (IN), Universidad de Oviedo (ES), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IN), National Taiwan University (TW), University of America (US), Isfahan University of Technology (IR), University of Alabama (US), Vilnius University (LT), National Technical University of Athens (GR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IN), Wayne State University (US), University of Canterbury (NZ), University of Tarapacá (CL), South China Normal University (CN), University of Colorado Boulder (US), Kansas State University (US), Yonsei University (KR), University of Ioannina (GR), Korea University (KR), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (HU), Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN), Vanderbilt University (US), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), Princeton University (US), Riga Technical University (LV), Middle East Technical University (TR), Peking University (CN), University of Zurich (CH), University of Basilicata (IT), National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (GR), Universidad Iberoamericana (MX), Cornell University (US), Charles University (CZ), Purdue University West Lafayette (US), National Central University (TW), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IN), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG), Fudan University (CN), University of Pavia (IT), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR), University of Perugia (IT), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Brown University (US), Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (UA), LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (PT), Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI), Université de Haute-Alsace (FR), Ghent University Hospital (BE), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE), American University of the Middle East (KW), Sejong University (KR), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (FR), Kyungpook National University (KR), National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (EE), University of Florida (US), University of Malaya (MY), University of Cyprus (CY), ETH Zurich (CH), Kyung Hee University (KR), Universidad de Antioquia (CO), University of Bristol (GB), University of California San Diego (US), Kuwait University (KW), University of Hyderabad (IN), University of Catania (IT), University of Illinois Chicago (US), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (BR), Universidad de Sonora (MX), University of Belgrade (RS), Yıldız Technical University (TR), National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT), Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (BG), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (EG), Károly Róbert University College (HU), Ruđer Bošković Institute (HR), Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (BR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT), HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics (HU), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Institute of High Energy Physics (AT), Institute of Modern Physics (CN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (IT), Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (GR), Institute of High Energy Physics (CN), Abdus Salam Centre for Physics (PK), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (IT), Institute for Scintillation Materials (UA), Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT), Scuola Superiore Meridionale (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT), Instituto de Física de Cantabria (ES), Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (IT), Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (FR), Boğaziçi University (TR), University of Florence (IT), Hanyang University (KR), University of Warsaw (PL), Imperial College London (GB), Istanbul Technical University (TR), Adana Science and Technology University (TR), Panjab University (IN), University of Virginia (US), The Ohio State University (US), University of Rochester (US), University of Turin (IT), University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT), Cukurova University (TR), Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX), University of Montenegro (ME), Brunel University of London (GB), University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez (PR), University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US), Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (FI), Tunis El Manar University (TN), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IN), Fayoum University (EG), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT), University of Maryland, College Park (US), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH), Istanbul University (TR), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX), AGH University of Krakow (PL), Polytechnic University of Bari (IT), Université de Strasbourg (FR), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (EC), National Polytechnic School (EC), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Universidade Federal do ABC (BR), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX), Rice University (US), Carnegie Mellon University (US), University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US), Federico Santa María Technical University (CL), Zhejiang University (CN), Beihang University (CN), University of Genoa (IT), University of California, Davis (US), Catholic University of America (US), Sungkyunkwan University (KR), Sapienza University of Rome (IT), RWTH Aachen University (DE), Bethel University (US), University of Colombo (LK), Texas A&M University (US), University of Latvia (LV), University of Split (HR), University of Bologna (IT), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IN), UCLouvain (BE), Tsinghua University (CN)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Nvidia, National Research Centre, Johns Hopkins University, Weston Havens Foundation, CERN, European Commission, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, Science Foundation Ireland, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, National Science Council, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Austrian Science Fund, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, A.G. Leventis Foundation, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Ministry of Education, India, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Latvijas Zinātnes Padome, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand, Qatar National Research Fund, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture, European Regional Development Fund, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Molecular spectroscopy and chirality
4.54
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