Shear-Wave Anisotropy of the Vastus Lateralis During Low-Level Isometric Contraction Measured with Ultrasound Time-Harmonic Elastography

Abstract Purpose Skeletal muscle is commonly modeled as a transverse isotropic medium, however, the behavior of its anisotropy under active loading remains insufficiently characterized. In this study we used ultrasound time-harmonic elastography (THE) to quantify direction-dependent shear-wave speed (SWS) in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle at rest and during low isometric contraction intensities. Methods Twenty-six healthy adults (15 men, 11 women; 25.0 ± 4.1 y) under-went multi-frequency THE (60–80 Hz). The transducer was aligned parallel (longitudinal) and perpendicular (transverse) to VL fascicles, and measurements were acquired at rest and at 15% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The anisotropy index (AI) was defined as AI = SW S ∥ /SW S ⊥ . Orientation and contraction effects were tested with repeated-measures analyses. Results At rest, longitudinal SWS exceeded transverse SWS ( 2.5 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.1 m/s; paired t-test p < 0.01 ). With contraction, SWS increased to 3.2 ± 0.2 and 3.8 ± 0.3 m/s (15%, 30% MVC) along fibers, and to 1.6 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 m/s across fibers (all p < 0.01 ). A two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA on SWS showed main effects of orientation and contraction and a significant interaction (all p < 0.01 ). AI increased from 1.7 ± 0.1 at rest to 2.0 ± 0.1 at 15% and 2.1 ± 0.1 at 30% MVC ( p < 0.01 ). No sex- or BMI-related effects were detected. Conclusion VL exhibited marked shear-wave anisotropy at rest that increased with low-level contraction intensities, indicating disproportionate stiffening along the fiber direction. THE provides a rapid, cost-effective, orientation-sensitive readout of muscle mechanics that may support studies of neuromuscular function and pathology.