CRIMINAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIABILITY FOR SECURITY VIOLATIONS IN LOGISTICS CHAINS

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the criminal legal aspects of implementing unmanned technologies in logistics.The work analyzes the current state of regulatory and legal frameworks for unmanned systems in Ukraine, identifies legislative base gaps, and outlines issues with qualifying offenses.It emphasizes that the legal framework is in the formative stage, including the Air Code of Ukraine, the Law "On the State Program of Civil Aviation Security," and the order of the State Aviation Service 153 dated 08.02.2019.The study's relevance is confirmed by a significant increase in registered UAVs in Ukraine, 347% from 2020 to 2023, reaching 5,830 units as of early 2024.The article systematizes the specifics of cybercrime associated with unmanned technologies, defines key threat vectors, and countermeasures.Statistical data for 2020-2024 are analyzed, demonstrating a 176% increase in cyberattacks on unmanned logistics systems, with 43% of cases characterized by interception of operational control.According to the Cyber Police Department of Ukraine, the number of crimes related to unmanned technologies increased by 345% during 2020-2023, of which 68% directly concerned the logistics sector.The main types of offenses identified include: violation of traffic safety rules or transport operation (Art.286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), illegal handling of confidential information (Art.182 of the CCU), violation of privacy (Art.162 of the CCU), unauthorized interference with electronic systems (Art.361 of the CCU), as well as illegal operations with prohibited items (Art.262 of the CCU).Particular attention is focused on the problem of determining the subject of crime in cases involving unmanned technologies in logistics, which is one of the key challenges.According to the European Cybersecurity Agency, in 64% of cases, identifying the specific subject was complicated.The issue of civil liability for damage caused by unmanned systems is considered, taking into account their classification as sources of increased danger.A comparative analysis of international experience regulating liability for offenses in unmanned technologies has been conducted, including approaches in the USA and the European Union, where specialized regulatory acts already exist.Based on the obtained research results, concrete proposals have been developed for improving Ukraine's criminal legislation, considering the technological features of unmanned systems and the challenges of digital transformation in the logistics industry.The urgent need for special provisions is emphasized, as the current Criminal Code does not contain norms that would account for the specifics of crimes involving unmanned systems, which leads to difficulties in qualifying actions and ambiguity in judicial practice.These proposals aim to form effective mechanisms for legal response to new types of offenses and ensure the safe functioning of unmanned technologies in logistics.