A Novel Methodology to Detect Type-2 Diabetes Using a Graphene-Based Paper Sensor

This paper presents a novel approach for detecting type-2 diabetes using a graphene-based paper sensor that measures bioimpedance over a frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz. The bioimpedance response of blood samples from 14 individuals with glucose levels ranging from 76 mg/dL to 235 mg/dL was analyzed to determine its correlation with blood glucose concentration. The results demonstrate a clear inverse relationship between bioimpedance and glucose levels, with impedance decreasing as glucose concentration increases. This trend is particularly prominent at β-dispersion range (1 kHz–10 MHz), where intracellular interactions become more significant. The logarithmic scale visualization of the data highlights the nonlinear variations in impedance, offering valuable insights into the dielectric behavior of blood. The findings validate bioimpedance as a reliable tool for non-invasive diabetes screening.. This study paves the way for developing a cost-effective, real-time, and portable diabetes detection system.