Post-translational modifications in osteogenic differentiation of oral-derived stem cells: Mechanisms and clinical implications

Osteogenesis is driven by the differentiation of osteoblasts and the mineralization of the bone matrix, with oral-derived stem cells playing a significant role in this process. Various post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and glycosylation, regulate osteogenic differentiation (OD). These modifications influence the expression of osteogenic genes by modulating the activity of key transcription factors like runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix. While the molecular mechanisms behind OD are increasingly understood, many questions remain, particularly regarding how PTMs control the specificity and efficiency of stem cell differentiation. Recent research into these modifications has underscored the potential of stem cell therapy for bone regeneration and treating bone-related diseases. This review summarizes the role of PTMs in the OD of oral-derived stem cells, discusses their clinical applications, and suggests future research directions.