Molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance in insects: A review

AbstractMany pesticides are no longer effective against insect populations due to development of resistance in insects against them insects so mostly acquire resistance to pesticides by means of metabolic tolerance and target-site modifications. Breaking down dangerous compounds and rendering them harmless depends much on enzymes such cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and esterases. Target protein changes such as acetylcholinesterase alter where they bind, therefore reducing the efficacy of herbicides. Furthermore shown by this research are epigenetic modifications such DNA methylation and histone modifications that assist regulate detoxification genes, therefore strengthening the body’s resistance. Growing frequency of cross-resistance and multi-resistance patterns makes it increasingly difficult to eradicate insects.