Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

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Publication Details

Journal
arXiv (Cornell University)
Published
2025-01-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2025-05579
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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article
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article

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

L. Schumacher, L. Köpke, Kiara Carloni, J. Graciá‐Carpio et al.
arXiv (Cornell University)
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
article

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

L. Schumacher, L. Köpke, Kiara Carloni, J. Graciá‐Carpio, M. Moulai, Sarah Mechbal, Rishi Babu, Thijs van Eeden, S. J. Gray, R. Engel, G. M. Spiczak, Christy Love, M. Lamoureux, Y. Ashida, A. Garcia, Thien Nhan Chau, Spencer Griswold, B. A. Clark, I. Taboada, S. R. Klein, S. Böser, Michael Campana, Frank Schröder, Felix Schlüter, C. H. Wiebusch, Lukas Hennig, P. Hatch, Abdul Rehman, C. De Clercq, John Evans, N. Whitehorn, K. D. de Vries, Alexander Sandrock, Yuriy Popovych, A. Terliuk, Axel Pontén, Federico Bontempo, M. Venugopal, A. Kheirandish, N. Valtonen-Mattila, R. Procter-Murphy, J. Krishnamoorthi, Yantao Liu, Ek Narayan Paudel, A. Parenti, G. de Wasseige, Veronika Palušová, Leonora Kardum, M. Neumann, Colton Hill, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, S. Athanasiadou, Richard Naab, J. Necker, Christoph Raab, H. Pandya, J. Saffer, Matheus Hostert, Miaochen Jin, S. Robertson, Diyaselis Delgado, Kendall Mahn, J. Adams, Carolin Klein, P. Desiati, F. Lucarelli, Markus Dittmer, J. M. Conrad, P. Eller, D. Tosi, J. Madsen, Aswathi Balagopal, Nils Heyer, A. Noell, M. J. Larson, G. W. Sullivan, Finn Mayhew, Kaustav Dutta, Bennett Brinson, Elena Manao, L. Ruohan, E. Bernardini, Alicia Mand, J. Soedingrekso, J. V. Mead, S. Tilav, Leon Hamacher, Maximilian Meier, Martina Karl, B. Riedel, Abhinaba Upadhyay, C. Spannfellner, C. Pérez de los Heros, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, Uwe Naumann, Shiqi Yu, Emma Kun, Darren Grant, Sreetama Goswami, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Matthias Thiesmeyer, C. Argüelles, Attila Hidvégi, Tianxi Yuan, D. Salazar-Gallegos, Kathrine Mørch Groth, Shinsuke Yoshida, Fahim Varsi, A. Connolly, Lucas Bloom, T. Stürwald, W. G. Thompson, P. Sampathkumar, Jan Weldert, Barbara Skrzypek, X. Bai, Gaurav Garg, K. Rawlins, M. Kowalski, Z. Rechav, N. M. Amin, Claudio Kopper, D. Chirkin, Vedant Basu, J. J. DeLaunay, Oliver Janik, S. Toscano, Gerhard Krieger, Yarno Merckx, Emre Burak Yildizci, Peter Behrens, Donghwa Kang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, S. Ter–Antonyan, J. Böttcher, P. Weigel, M. Stamatikos, Erin O’Sullivan, Z. Chen, E. H. S. Warrick, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, S. Sclafani, M. Prado Rodriguez, Thomas Stuttard, A. Khatee Zathul, E. J. Roberts, Lukas Merten, C. Weaver, A. R. Fazely, T. Karg, W. Luszczak, R. W. Moore, Jakob Beise, Christian Haack, Akanksha Katil, K. Tollefson, Lilly Pyras, J. van Santen, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, A. Eimer, Simeon Bash, A. Ishihara, J. G. González, Alex Wen, L. Halve, Imre Bodó, Martin Ha Minh, H. Erpenbeck, T. Krishnan, Daniel Durnford, A. Obertacke Pollmann, K. Meagher, Aske Rosted, Ava Ghadimi, M. Ackermann, W. Iwakiri, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Perri Zilberman, Janeth Valverde, G. H. Collin, Yang Lyu, Paras Koundal, A. Fedynitch, Chang Dong Rho, J. Rack-Helleis, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Minjin Jeong, E. Ganster, Rattikorn Hewett, Dan Hooper, Angela Zegarelli, S. BenZvi, J. Kiryluk, Xiaodong Xu, A. Coleman, A. Franckowiak, Ryan T. Burley, Lea Schlickmann, A. Weindl, S. Chattopadhyay, N. Kurahashi, K. Noda, V. O'Dell, J. Savelberg, M. Nakos, Waleed Esmail, Joshua Villarreal, K. Hultqvist, S. Fukami, C. Rott, D. F. Cowen, Larissa Paul, G. C. Hill, Y. Makino, M. A. DuVernois, A. Karle, J. P. Lazar, Anil Kumar, Gerrit Wrede, S. Reusch, Hans Niederhausen, W. Rhode, Alejandra Granados, K. Andeen, D. B. Fox, F. McNally, Tomas Kontrimas, Karlijn Kruiswijk, C. Finley, T. Stezelberger, Bruno Benkel, P. A. Evenson, A. Leszczyńska, Tetiana Kozynets, K. Helbing, D. Soldin, C. Glaser, L. Marten, K. Upshaw, K. Hanson, M. Kauer, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Thomas S. Huber, David Joseph Guevel, A. Kappes, Mark Weyrauch, Ivan Martínez-Soler, T. Montaruli, Else Magnus, Martin Wolf, Alexander Novikov, O. Botner, R. Bay, N. Kamp, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Chiara Bellenghi, Philipp Fürst, J. J. Beatty, S. Hickford, M. García, Delaney Butterfield, M. Plum, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Emmett Krupczak, Ramesh Koirala, Pascal Gutjahr, J. Vara, Rasha Abbasi, T. Glüsenkamp, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, S. Seunarine, Sam Hori, S. W. Barwick, Marc Jacquart, Tista Mukherjee, D. Besson, N. Park, Adam Rifaie, Doğa Veske, Lincoln Draper, Philipp Soldin, Leonhard Eidenschink, D. Berley, S. Choi, Giacomo Sommani, Laurent Arnaud, Sen Deng, Szabolcs Márka, A. Haungs, Xinyue Kang, Yasutsugu Morii, Alina Kochocki, Martin Rongen, Michael Handt, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, J. Vandenbroucke, B. Pries, N. Rad, S. Schindler, Merlin Schaufel, D. R. Williams, M. Ahlers, T. Schmidt, Leander Fischer, Kwok Lung Fan, D. J. Koskinen, Jonas Häußler, Josh Peterson, Karolin Hymon, M. Liubarska, T. Ehrhardt, J. Braun, Sean Griffin, C. Ha, Jonas Hellrung, R. Snihur, Stef Verpoest, F. Halzen, Matthias Vereecken, S. Shefali, Alexandra Trettin, J. L. Kelley, Robert Young, Summer Blot, H. Kolanoski, Ludwig Neste, Nick Schmeisser, A. Vijai, Lucas Witthaus, Anke Mosbrugger, Eliot Genton, Teresa Pernice, Patrick Schaile, H. Kimku, Martin Langgård Ravn, J. Y. Book Motzkin, L. Lu, Yuhua Yao, Shuo Zhang, Andrew Wang, J. A. Aguilar, Yukiho Kobayashi, Zelong Zhang, Wenjie Hou, Samyak Jain, Justin Mitchell, J. Becker Tjus, Christoph Günther, Riya Shah, Jessie Thwaites, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, H. Schieler, A. Søgaard, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, G. T. Przybylski, J. Gallagher, A. Hallgren, S. Mancina, Juan Pablo Yáñez, J. Werthebach, T. DeYoung, S. Sarkar, M. U. Nisa, T. Stanev, Alba Domi, Victoria Alexis Parrish, Ioana Codrina Mariş, N. Shimizu, G. B. Yu, Dominik Elsässer, K. D. Hoffman, Pavel Zhelnin, R. Maruyama, Zsuzsa Márka, A. Vaidyanathan, L. Gerhardt, Manish Khanal, Andrés Medina, A. Olivas, E. Ellinger, E. Blaufuss, Rebecca Corley, C. Walck, D. Seckel, Spencer Axani, Nora Feigl, Chris Wendt, K. Hoshina, Marcos Santander, B. Schlüter, Jiyuan Liao, N. van Eijndhoven, T. Ruhe, E. Resconi, Per Arne Sevle Myhr, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Ramy Hmaid, Sonke Schwirn, Leo Seen, Grace Sanger-Johnson, Stephen DiKerby, L. Van Rootselaar, A. Thakuri, J. Baines-Holmes, L. Dueser, S. Eulig, L. Molchany, D. Mousadi, I. Reistroffer, T. Delmeulle, V. Poojyam
article en

Abstract

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

arXiv (Cornell University)
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Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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