Progress in the Treatment of Dry Eye

Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors, characterized by decreased tear film stability, ocular surface inflammation, and abnormal neural sensation. With the increasing use of electronic devices, an aging population, and environmental factors, its global prevalence continues to rise. This article systematically discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiological characteristics, pain mechanisms, and the latest advancements in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of dry eye. It also provides an outlook on current controversies and future research directions.