Pharmacogenomics for sustainable drug development: A narrative review of precision medicine, green chemistry, and multi-omics innovation

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the study of how genetic differences affect how people react to medications. It is an important aspect of improving personalized treatment. Russo claimed that PGx can make treatments more effective and reduce adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by matching them to your genetic profile. This is a major step up from the old “one-size-fits-all” way of doing things. This review talks about how PGx helps make pharmaceuticals that are better for the environment. It talks about how PGx can help with dosing, figuring out how medications will act, and preventing ADRs. All of these things contribute to better and cheaper healthcare. PGx has a lot of potential, but there are a number of drawbacks that make it impossible for many individuals to use it. Some of these are that genomic databases do not have enough variety, gene–drug interaction models are too simplistic, and it is hard to get people to accept them in clinical settings since there is not enough infrastructure or training. Ethical and regulatory difficulties, notably those about protecting data and getting access to genetic testing, make it even tougher to put into action. It is also hard to use PGx in regions with low resources because it costs so much. This review reveals how PGx could help save healthcare expenditures, reduce ADRs, and make it less likely that clinical trials would fail. It also talks about crucial strategies to get over current problems, such as making genetic studies more varied, enhancing clinical integration, and dealing with financial challenges. By looking at PGx from several angles, this study hopes to improve research, change policy, and promote a broader and fairer use of PGx in clinical practice.