Improving the Yield and Quality of Morchella spp. Using Agricultural Waste

<i>Morchella</i> spp. is a type of valuable and rare edible fungi cultivated in soil. Optimization of the cultivation medium for <i>Morchella</i> spp. is key to obtaining high-efficiency production in an ecologically friendly manner. Recently, the sustainable resource utilization of agricultural waste has gathered attention. Specifically, reusing tomato substrate, mushroom residues, and coconut shells can lower the production costs and reduce environmental pollution, demonstrating remarkable ecological and economic benefits. To determine the soil microbial communities of <i>Morchella</i> spp. using different culture medias and influencing factors, this study analysed the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal communities in natural soil, soil with 5% tomato substrate, soil with 5% mushroom residues, and soil with 5% coconut shells using Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing. In addition, intergroup differences, soil physiochemical properties, and product quality were also determined. Results demonstrated that agricultural waste consisting of mushroom residues, waste tomato substrate, and coconut shells can improve the efficiency of <i>Morchella</i> spp. cultivation. When considering yield and quality, mushroom residue achieved the highest yield (soil nutrient enrichment), followed by tomato substrate (water holding + grass carbon nutrient). All three types of agricultural waste promoted early fruiting, significantly increased polysaccharide, crude protein, and potassium content, and lowered crude fat and fibre. In regard to soil improvement, the addition of different materials optimized the soil's physical structure (reducing volume weight and increasing water holding capacity) and chemical properties (enrichment of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, regulating nitrogen and medium trace elements). For microbial regulation, the added materials significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Actinomycetota, Gemmatimonadota and <i>Devosia</i>) and strengthened nitrogen's fixation/nitration/decomposition functions. In the mushroom residue group, the abundance of <i>Bacillaceae</i> was positively related to yield. Moreover, it inhibited pathogenic fungi like <i>Mortierella</i> and <i>Trichoderma</i>, and lowered fungal diversity to decrease ecological competition. In summary, mushroom residues have nutrient releasing and microbial regulation advantages, while tomato substrate and coconut shells are new high-efficiency resources. These increase yield through the "physiochemical-microorganism" collaborative path. Future applications may include regulating the function of microorganisms and optimizing waste preprocessing technologies to achieve sustainability.