Establishing flanged connections under complex installation conditions

The aim of this paper is to illustrate, as vividly as possible, some of the more complex real-life cases where it was necessary to establish a new flanged connections between pipes in water supply systems, with the hope that the presented examples will be helpful to others in resolving some of the same or similar issues when they encounter them. The paper is primarily based on various problems which arise during the reconstruction of existing pipelines, as well as the construction of the new ones, particularly due to misalignment and angular deviation between flanges that need to be connected.