Development and mechanism of an XOD-targeting fermented traditional Chinese medicine formula for gout prevention in goslings

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key target in managing gout. We developed a fermented traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula with strong XOD-inhibitory properties. Several TCMs and probiotics, including Cortex fraxini, Polygonum cuspidatum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Angelica sinensis, and Cassia twig, were selected for potent XOD inhibition. Optimized fermentation (37 °C, pH 7, 3 % inoculum) enhanced bioactive compound transformation, increasing levels of resveratrol and aesculetin. A high-protein, high-calcium diet successfully induced gout in goslings. Supplementation with fermented TCM reduced mortality and improved clinical outcomes by lowering serum uric acid, XOD activity, creatinine, and malondialdehyde, while enhancing antioxidant markers and reducing organ damage. An increased villus-to-crypt ratio indicated improved intestinal morphology. 16S rDNA sequencing showed increased microbial diversity, reduced Proteobacteria, enriched Firmicutes, and greater abundance of beneficial genera such as Enterococcus and Lactobacillus. Overall, fermented TCM exerts preventive effects against gout through biotransformation and gut microbiota modulation, offering organ protection in poultry.