Ensemble Distribution Modeling of the Globally Invasive Asian Cycad Scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, 1977 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Species distribution models (SDMs) have become an important tool to inform conservation and pest surveillance programs about the potential biological invasion of insect pests. Nonetheless, to be operational, SDMs need to incorporate multiple environmental covariates and a representative number of occurrence points depicting the species' ecological niche. The algorithm of choice, model of choice, and comparison can also have a great effect on the final prediction output. We created a dataset based on previously published records, plus 36 new occurrences and 37 environmental predictors, to generate the first global ensemble distribution model for <i>Aulacaspis yasumatsui</i>. We employed a strategy that aggregates SDMs with the best performance (i.e., greater accuracy) from six different algorithms, resulting in an averaged and weighted model, i.e., the ensemble model. We then selected models from algorithms whose true skill statistic (TSS) was above 0.5 in order to map the potential global distribution of <i>A. yasumatsui</i>. Our results suggest that covariate selection and the individual model algorithms used in the ensemble may be more important for achieving an accurate SDM than the number of occurrence points.