Telocytes, the New Kids on the Block. What Role do They Play in Female Reproductive System and Function? (A Review)

Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells characterized by a small body and long extensions known as telopodes. Identified in various tissues, including the female reproductive system, they regulate homeostasis, tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and pathological processes. TCs contribute to key reproductive functions such as embryo implantation, uterine contractility, and vascular adaptation during pregnancy. Their presence in the myometrium, endometrium, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and placenta facilitates interactions with immune cells, stem cells, and the extracellular matrix. TC density is reduced in conditions like endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and infertility-related disorders. In endometriosis, TCs modulate immune responses by interacting with macrophages and influencing cytokine secretion. In leiomyomas, their loss correlates with fibrosis and altered steroid hormone receptor expression, suggesting roles in tissue remodeling and hormonal regulation. In fallopian tubes, TCs contribute to motility, with dysfunction linked to ectopic pregnancies. Experimental models highlight TC-derived exosomes in tissue repair, suggesting therapeutic potential for intrauterine adhesions and endometrial fibrosis. Current evidence underscores the role of TCs as key regulators of reproductive physiology and pathology, positioning them as promising targets for future regenerative and gynecological therapies. Further research is essential to elucidate their signaling mechanisms, interactions with other cell types, and potential applications in cell-based therapies for reproductive disorders.