Local drivers of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Mauritania: A one health approach combining ecological, vector, host and livestock movement data

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease with recurrent epidemic and epizootic outbreaks in Mauritania caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). In recent years, outbreaks have occurred with increasingly shorter inter-epidemic periods. The primary objective of this study was to utilise a high-resolution spatiotemporal model and identify the drivers and ecological suitability for RVFV infections, as well as areas for RVF outbreaks and emergence in humans and animals, respectively, in Mauritania. We used geolocated data from 2019 to 2023 for modelling, including human RVF cases confirmed by viral RNA detection, animal cases identified through serology or viral RNA detection, and mosquito samples in which the virus was detected by RNA analysis. Negative RVFV results were used as absence (or background) data to represent an environmental contrast between places with and without cases. Duplicates of occurrences at the exact location were kept, as multiple cases in the same place indicate a potentially higher risk. The main drivers of RVFV infection were the precipitation of the current and the preceding month of the outbreaks, followed by the average daily temperature of the current month of the outbreaks. August, September, and October were the most ecologically favourable months for RVFV infection, starting in the country's southeastern regions and expanding to the entire southern area by September and October. The RVF outbreak potential was highest in the wet season, between August and October, in most of the south and western parts of the country. Although the RVF outbreak potential is substantially reduced during the dry season, some smaller areas in Mauritania have a relatively high outbreak potential throughout the year, and some of these areas are also located further north. These results can be used to improve sentinel active surveillance and establish an early warning model for RVFV infections in Mauritania, enabling the setting of appropriate control measures to prevent future RVF outbreaks and minimise human and animal losses.