A Swarm Intelligence-Based Multistage Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries

This article applies the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the Multi-stage Constant Current (MSCC) charging method, to increase the adaptability of the charging process based on the battery's internal and external conditions. This approach enables a better balance between fast charging and energy performance. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the total charging time while simultaneously ensuring high levels of autonomy, reflected in a high final state of charge (SOC). The results demonstrate that the proposed formulation is an effective and flexible strategy for the optimized management of Li-ion battery charging, with potential applications in smart energy systems.