Effects of Phson Plant Metabolism and Development

Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are gaining increasing attention as sustainable biostimulants in agriculture due to their ability to improve plant performance under both optimal and stressful conditions. These compounds, derived from plant or animal proteins, contain a mixture of amino acids and peptides that influence numerous physiological and biochemical processes. Recent studies have shown that PHs play a regulatory role in primary metabolism by modulating enzyme activity and gene expression involved in nitrogen and carbon pathways. They also impact secondary metabolism, enhancing the biosynthesis of phenolics, flavonoids, and other compounds that contribute to stress tolerance and crop quality. In addition, PHs applied as seed treatments or foliar sprays have been reported to stimulate germination, improve seedling establishment, and promote nutrient uptake. Their beneficial effects extend to yield and quality traits, including increases in biomass, fruit set, phytochemical content, and reductions in nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables. Overall, PHs represent promising biostimulant tools for sustainable crop production, combining growth promotion, improved nutrient use efficiency, and enhanced resilience to abiotic stresses.