Immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using advanced nanofluids – a numerical approach

Abstract The temperature has a significant impact on the efficiency, dependability, and cycle life of Li-ion batteries. Proper thermal management is essential for optimising battery performance and ensuring safety. Various cooling techniques have been developed to manage battery temperature, but one promising approach involves the use of nanofluids. Compared to traditional coolants, nanofluids suspended in a base fluid offer better heat dissipation and thermal conductive properties. In this study, we explore the use of different nanofluids—precisely Al 2 O 3 , Al, Cu, CuO and graphene nanoparticles dispersed in water at different volume concentrations of 1, 2, and 3%. These nanofluids will be circulated between battery cells with a designed spacing of 5 mm between each cell at different mass flow rates, like 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 kg s −1 to enhance cooling efficiency. This approach aims to maintain cell temperatures within safe limits, thereby mitigating risks associated with thermal runaway and potential thermal explosions. To assess the effectiveness of these nanofluids, a series of tests is conducted to evaluate their heat dissipation capabilities. ANSYS Fluent was employed to model and analyse the thermal behaviour of the nanofluids, and the simulation results were utilised to rank the nanofluids based on their heat dissipation performance and overall effectiveness. This research highlights the potential of nanofluids in enhancing battery thermal management and improving the overall performance of Li-ion batteries. By leveraging advanced simulation techniques and detailed stability analysis, this paper aims to identify the most effective nanofluids for battery cooling applications.