Exosome-Mimetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mimicry, Modulation, and Delivery

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology, yet its success is limited by factors such as immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, inadequate antigen presentation, and inefficient immune cell engagement. Exosome-mimetic nanoparticles (EMNs) have emerged as a promising biomimetic platform capable of overcoming these challenges. Derived from natural membranes or engineered to mimic exosomal features, EMNs retain the beneficial biological properties of exosomes, such as biocompatibility, immune modulation, and homing capability, while offering enhanced scalability, stability, and payload versatility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of EMNs in cancer immunotherapy. We discuss the principles of exosomal mimicry, their role in modulating immune responses, and their application as delivery vehicles for immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and tumor antigens. Furthermore, we explore engineering strategies for functionalization and tumor targeting, as well as recent preclinical advances and translational challenges. By bridging nanotechnology and immuno-oncology, EMNs hold immense potential to boost therapeutic efficacy and reshape the landscape of cancer treatment. Keywords: Exosome-mimetic nanoparticles, cancer immunotherapy, immune modulation, biomimetic delivery, tumor microenvironment