Validation of a virtual reality-based surgical training for pedicle screw placement using vertebral templates

Abstract Spinal surgery demands exceptional theoretical knowledge and practical skills, with pedicle screw procedures posing significant risks due to proximity to critical anatomical structures. This study validates a virtual reality (VR) simulation platform for training in pedicle screw arthrodesis using patient-specific vertebral drilling templates. The practical simulation of a specific case study was evaluated with both neurosurgical residents and medical students. Results demonstrate that while experienced residents completed simulated procedures significantly faster than students ( p < 0.01), these latter ones showed marked improvement across consecutive training sessions ( p < 0.001). The most substantial performance gains occurred between the first and second trials, highlighting the rapid learning curve facilitated by the VR environment. System Usability Scale assessments revealed high satisfaction with the simulation platform, with participants emphasizing the value of risk-free repetitive practice. Qualitative feedback from experienced participants confirmed the precision and realism of the training environment as critical factors contributing to their efficiency. This validation confirms that VR simulation platforms offer an effective training environment for complex spinal procedures, providing a safe space for skill development before clinical application, particularly when incorporating innovative surgical aids such as patient-specific drilling templates.