Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Initial Lorentz Factor and Jet Opening Angle of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Abstract The initial Lorentz factor (Γ 0 ) and jet half-opening angle ( θ jet ) of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are critical physical parameters for understanding the dynamical evolution of relativistic jets and the true energy release of GRBs. We compile a sample of 89 GRBs that exhibit an onset bump feature in their early optical or GeV light curves, 42 of which also display a jet break feature, and derive their Γ 0 and θ jet values. Using this sample, we reexamine the correlations between Γ 0 and the prompt emission parameters (isotropic energy E iso , peak luminosity L iso , and peak energy E p ). Our results confirm the previously reported Γ 0 − E iso ( L iso ), Γ 0 − E p,z , and E iso ( L iso )− E p −Γ 0 relations for both homogeneous interstellar medium (ISM) and Wind density profiles (Wind). Notably, we find that the short GRB 090510 complies with the Γ 0 − E iso relation, but significantly deviates from the Γ 0 − L iso and Γ 0 − E p,z relations. We systematically investigate the influence of θ jet on Γ 0 and find a weak dependence, which reads Γ 0 (ISM) ∝ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.18</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.15</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) and Γ 0 (Wind) ∝ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.72</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind). Additionally, we report, for the first time, three new three-parameter correlations, i.e., <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.52</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.26</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.21</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.28</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.65</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.21</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.08</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.19</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind); <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.27</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:m

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Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2025-09-30
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adfc46
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3
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Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Initial Lorentz Factor and Jet Opening Angle of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Lu-Lu Zhang, Bing Qin, Fu-Wen Zhang, Jian Zhang
3 citations
The Astrophysical Journal
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
3.46
article

Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Initial Lorentz Factor and Jet Opening Angle of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Lu-Lu Zhang, Bing Qin, Fu-Wen Zhang, Jian Zhang
article en
3 citations

Abstract

Abstract The initial Lorentz factor (Γ 0 ) and jet half-opening angle ( θ jet ) of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are critical physical parameters for understanding the dynamical evolution of relativistic jets and the true energy release of GRBs. We compile a sample of 89 GRBs that exhibit an onset bump feature in their early optical or GeV light curves, 42 of which also display a jet break feature, and derive their Γ 0 and θ jet values. Using this sample, we reexamine the correlations between Γ 0 and the prompt emission parameters (isotropic energy E iso , peak luminosity L iso , and peak energy E p ). Our results confirm the previously reported Γ 0 − E iso ( L iso ), Γ 0 − E p,z , and E iso ( L iso )− E p −Γ 0 relations for both homogeneous interstellar medium (ISM) and Wind density profiles (Wind). Notably, we find that the short GRB 090510 complies with the Γ 0 − E iso relation, but significantly deviates from the Γ 0 − L iso and Γ 0 − E p,z relations. We systematically investigate the influence of θ jet on Γ 0 and find a weak dependence, which reads Γ 0 (ISM) ∝ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.18</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.15</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) and Γ 0 (Wind) ∝ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.72</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind). Additionally, we report, for the first time, three new three-parameter correlations, i.e., <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.52</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.26</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.21</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.28</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.65</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.21</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.08</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.19</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (Wind); <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">iso</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">jet</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.27</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (ISM) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:m

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 991(2)
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
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