Examining the Impact of Mesoporous Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Inclusion on the Surface Microhardness and Roughness of Resin‐Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Analysis

Incorporating 5 wt.% ZnO NPs or mesoporous ZnO NPs resulted in significantly enhanced microhardness values compared to the control group and the 7 wt.% concentration. The introduction of up to 5 wt.% NPs led to reduced surface roughness, with the 7 wt.% concentration showing a slight increase in roughness. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing NP concentrations, particularly mesoporous NPs, in RMGIC to enhance mechanical properties, offering valuable insights for the development of dental materials with improved performance characteristics.