Structural elucidation of anti-inflammatory withanolides from <i>Physalis minima</i>

The investigation of the whole plants of <i>Physalis minima</i> led to the isolation of four novel withanolides, designated phyminiolides F-I, together with six known analogues. The structures of <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> were elucidated through comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS, NMR and ECD, while those of <b>5</b>-<b>10</b> were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data with the reported literature values. Biologically, compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>-<b>4</b>, and <b>8</b>-<b>10</b> exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells <i>in vitro</i>, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 8.72 to 23.28 <i>μ</i>M.