The Relationship between Lifestyle (Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Smoking) and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Jambi City, Indonesia

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is no longer confined to adults but has shifted to younger age groups, including adolescents. Lifestyle changes such as unhealthy dietary patterns, low physical activity, and smoking habits are suspected to increase the risk of type 2 DM among school-age youth. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between lifestyle factors including dietary patterns, physical activity, and smoking habits and the risk of type 2 DM among adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Kota Jambi. This was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 92 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Independent variables included dietary patterns, physical activity, and smoking habits, while the dependent variable was the risk of type 2 DM, determined by family history, BMI status, and hypertension history. Data were collected using a lifestyle questionnaire and anthropometric measurements, then analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. Most respondents had poor dietary patterns (72.8%), insufficient physical activity (53.3%), and did not smoke (94.6%). Bivariate analysis showed that dietary patterns were significantly associated with the risk of type 2 DM (p=0.000), as was physical activity (p=0.030). In contrast, smoking habits were not associated with the risk of type 2 DM (p=0.615). Dietary patterns and physical activity were significantly related to the risk of type 2 DM among adolescents, while smoking habits showed no significant relationship Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Adolescents, Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, Smoking Habits