THEORIES, CAUSES, AND RESOLUTION MECHANISMS OF ETHNIC AND INTERCULTURAL CONFLICTS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This systematic literature review examines the multifaceted nature of conflict, analyzing its theoretical foundations, root causes, and resolution mechanisms, with a focus on ethnic and intercultural contexts. Findings indicate that conflicts stem from a complex interplay of unmet human needs (William, 2001), competing group identities (Befekadu & Dirbssa, 2005), and structural inequalities (Porto, 2002). Theoretical frameworks such as Realist Group Conflict Theory and Face-Negotiation Theory emphasize the role of perceived threats, cultural differences, and identity preservation in conflict escalation. The study also explores diverse conflict resolution approaches, ranging from traditional mechanisms like elder-mediated dialogues in Ethiopia (Alula & Getachew, 2008) to contemporary intercultural strategies promoting empathy and adaptive communication (Ting-Toomey, 2015). However, traditional systems, while effective in localized settings, often encounter challenges such as gender bias, lack of formal enforcement, and limited scalability in modern, large-scale conflicts. The review concludes that effective conflict resolution requires a hybrid approach, combining the cultural sensitivity and community trust of indigenous practices with structural reforms and inclusive policies from formal institutions. Future research should address gaps in cross-cultural conflict frameworks and assess the adaptability of traditional methods in pluralistic societies. By bridging theory and practice, policymakers and mediators can foster sustainable peace, balancing restorative justice with equitable resource distribution.