The efficacy of management practices in combating mangrove forest degradation: A case study from Pangani District-Tanzania

Mangrove degradation management poses a global challenge, particularly in developing countries. In Tanzania, various local government institutions (LGIs) have been established to address mangrove forest degradation. The study assesses the role of local government Institutions (LGIs) in managing mangrove forest degradation in Pangani-Tanga, and the challenges they encounter in improving their efficacy. Data were collected through structured interviews with 358 households, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with key informants. The study identifies the key LGIs involved in mangrove management at the district and village levels, such as the District Environmental Office, District Forestry Office, Fisheries Office, and Beach Management Units (BMUs). These institutions have made strides in enhancing mangrove management through different practices such as education, training, and restoration activities. In general, these practices were moderately practiced. However, it still varied in some study sites, for instance issuing permits for cutting mangroves in Kumba was low by 30.3% compared to Bweni and Mkwajuni. Furthermore, the mangrove condition varies in Pangani, with the condition worsening in Kumba village at 32.4% compared to Mkwajuni at 47.3% possibly due to urbanization and over-dependence. But across the three villages, the mangrove condition is moderate by 53.5 %. The study also notes significant challenges LGI faces, including limited funding, high demand for mangrove products like charcoal, and conflicting interests among stakeholders. The study concludes that LGIs have contributed moderately to improvement in mangrove conditions, but ongoing challenges limit their effectiveness. The study recommends community-led initiatives, alternative livelihood options, and strict law enforcement to strengthen long-term mangrove conservation and reduce overdependence on mangrove resources.