Hypercalcaemia, hyperparathyroidism, and their associated factors among lithium users in a psychiatric clinic in Hong Kong

Lithium-associated hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism are often undetected. When left unmanaged, these conditions can lead to cardiovascular mortality, cerebrovascular impairment, and premature death. Therefore, calcium levels should be regularly monitored, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus, a longer cumulative duration of lithium use, and higher serum lithium levels.