Modulation of cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells using therapeutic ultrasound with microbubbles and gemcitabine

TUS combined with microbubbles and gemcitabine synergistically induces cell death in pancreatic cancer cells through mechanical bioeffects and enhanced drug delivery, mediated by both apoptosis induction and autophagy modulation. These findings highlight a promising strategy for improving pancreatic cancer treatment outcomes, warranting further in vivo and clinical studies to optimize parameters and assess translational potential.