Optimization of Mechanical Properties in Nypa fruticans Composite Boards with Varying Additive Loadings

The optimisation of mechanical properties in composite materials is essential for advancing sustainable material utilisation of non-wood fibres, which often exhibit inferior mechanical performance compared to conventional wood-based composite boards. This study investigates the influence of varying nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) loadings on the mechanical performance of Nypa fruticans-based composite boards. Epoxy resin was employed as the binding matrix, with nano-TiO2 incorporated at loading levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% by weight. Key mechanical properties were evaluated through modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and tensile strength testing. The results revealed a pronounced effect of nano-TiO2 incorporation on the composite’s mechanical performance, with improvements observed up to an optimal loading of 3 wt%. Beyond this critical threshold, the reinforcing efficiency of the nanoparticle declined, primarily due to agglomeration. This phenomenon was substantiated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the microstructural changes and non-uniform nanoparticle distribution at higher loadings. Overall, the optimised composite board containing 3 wt% nano-TiO2 satisfied the ISO and ASTM standard requirements for both bending and tensile strength, demonstrating the viability of N. fruticans fibre as a sustainable alternative material for indoor application.