Immune dysregulation and gut microbiota: Connection to health and disease development

Neuroinflammation is a key pathophysiological mechanism in various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review article analyzes the role of inflammatory mediators and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that promote neurodegeneration and hinder neural regeneration. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in inflammatory processes in the brain are associated with cognitive impairment, progressive neurodegeneration, and impaired synaptic plasticity. Activation of Toll-like receptors triggers an inflammatory cascade involving proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which significantly contributes to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Furthermore, we are investigating how these neuroinflammatory processes interfere with neural regeneration mechanisms and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. Neural biomarkers associated with inflammation are emerging as potential diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for neurological diseases, particularly anxiety disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Both experimental and clinical studies suggest that interventions aimed at modulating neuroinflammation could be a promising therapeutic approach to promoting neuroprotection and stimulating neural regeneration. This review summarizes the latest research on the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and its effect on brain function. It also highlights potential neuroprotective and regenerative strategies for treating neurological diseases.