The Analysis of Drinking Water Quality and Associated Human Health Risks. A Case Study of Rawalpindi Pakistan

Water is essential for the survival of all living beings, but the rapid increase in population is causing a significant decline in water quality. Access to safe and hygienic drinking water is crucial for human health, yet approximately 44% of Pakistan's population lacks access to clean drinking water. In Rawalpindi, a densely populated area, the challenges associated with drinking water are further exacerbated by industrialization and rapid population growth. This study aims to analyze the spread of waterborne diseases, identify sources of water pollution, and propose preventive measures specifically for the Mareer Hassan Saddar area within the Rawalpindi cantonment. The study assessed various water quality parameters, including aesthetic factors such as taste, odor, and appearance; chemical factors like pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), hardness, nitrates, and turbidity; as well as heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, lead, and arsenic. Biological parameters, including the presence of total coliform bacteria, were also evaluated. Water samples were collected from different endpoints within the Rawalpindi district and compared against the drinking water quality standards established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The findings revealed that while the chemical quality of the water was within acceptable ranges according to WHO and national standards, the biological content was highly problematic. The presence of total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria in the water samples was particularly concerning, as these bacteria are known to cause various diseases in humans. This highlights the urgent need for improved water quality management in the study area to protect public health.