Recent advances in biosensors for micro- and nanoplastics detection

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a major environmental issue due to their widespread presence and potential harmful effects on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Reliable and efficient detection methods are crucial for identifying MPs in environmental samples, which helps in understanding their sources, distribution, and impacts. This review covers various biosensors (recognition elements: aptamer, antibody, whole cell, and estrogen) used to detect MPs. It discusses the strengths and limitations of each biosensor, as well as recent innovations. By comparing different biosensors and their applications across various sample types, this review aims to provide a foundation to guide future research and monitoring efforts.