Non-Regional States’ Factors of the Influence on the Foreign Policy of Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014–2024: Turkey, Great Britain and India

The article analyzes the influence of non-regional states on Kazakhstan’s foreign policy in 2014–2024. Kazakhstan’s policy is similar to that of a “becoming middle power”. The author uses constructivist and behavioural approaches to consider the influence of second-row states on Kazakhstan foreign policy. The article compares Turkish, British, and Indian actions towards Kazakhstan. The author interviewed prominent Russian specialists on Central Asian and Turkish foreign policy. There are three areas of influence: economic cooperation, political and diplomatic cooperation, and “smart power”. Turkey has a strong presence in economic cooperation with Kazakhstan, while Great Britain dominates in “smart power” in Kazakhstan. India’s influence is small and limited, but it can increase its position. Turkey will become a “semi-power” thanks to its economic clout and smart-power moves. The author points out that no “second-tier” state obtains full power in Kazakhstan foreign policy. The article was prepared within the framework of the program for employees and postgraduate students of Russian universities and scientific organizations at HSE University in Moscow. The author thanks Russian experts in Central Asian studies who agreed to comment on the topic of the article.