Optimization of protein intake in adults with catabolic conditions: a review

Protein is one of the key macronutrients. Therefore, the development of protein deficiency adversely affects health status and treatment outcomes. At the same time, protein requirements vary considerably among different patient populations. Optimization of protein intake in at-risk groups remains an important issue, as it may influence the effectiveness of specialized treatment, quality of life, and social functioning of patients. The aim of this review was to examine approaches to correcting protein deficiency in the most vulnerable adult populations, including older and elderly individuals, oncology patients, and critically ill patients. Publications indexed in the Scientific Electronic Library (eLibrary.ru) and PubMed databases between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed. The analysis demonstrated the need for an individualized approach to protein prescription. The review discusses current trends in nutritional support for these patient populations. In cases of inadequate protein intake, the use of high-protein enteral formulas as a supplement to the regular diet can positively affect treatment outcomes and quality of life. Whey protein currently attracts particular interest. Its use has demonstrated promising results, especially in combination with omega-3 fatty acids. Thus, an individually tailored protein component in nutritional support may improve treatment outcomes and quality of life in older adults, oncology patients, and critically ill patients.