Electrolyte engineering strategies for aqueous Zn-S batteries

Aqueous zinc sulfur batteries (AZSBs) have emerged as one of the promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density, intrinsic safety, and environmental benignity. Nevertheless, their practical implementation is significantly hindered by the poor electrical conductivity of sulfur, zinc dendrite growth, and parasitic interfacial reactions. As a bridge, electrolyte plays a pivotal role in regulating interfacial reaction kinetics and stabilizing electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In this regard, this review comprehensively summarizes recent advancements in electrolyte engineering strategies, focusing on the rational design of zinc salts, additives, and solvents. By bridging gaps in understanding electrolyte/electrode interactions, this work provides actionable insights for developing high-energy-density, durable AZSBs. Aqueous zinc sulfur batteries offer safety and high energy density, but are limited by poor conductivity, dendrite growth, and unstable interfaces. This review highlights electrolyte design strategies that tune Zn²⁺ solvation and interfacial chemistry to enhance performance and guide future development.